Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors Affecting Access to Healthcare Services in Türkiye: A probit model analysis

Abstract

Background: Healthcare services aim to meet preventive and therapeutic needs and ensure equal access for all. Despite reforms like the Health Transformation Program in Türkiye, socio-economic and demographic inequalities in healthcare access persist. This study, based on the Grossman model, examines the factors affecting healthcare access in Türkiye.

Method: Data from the Turkish Statistical Institute’s Health Survey (2014, 2016, 2019, 2022) covering 76,196 individuals aged 15 and above were used. Access to healthcare was measured using an index created from observed variables in the survey. The probit model was used to analyze the impact of socio-economic and demographic factors.

Results: Gender, age, income, education, and employment status significantly influence healthcare access. Women have better access than men, and older individuals face more challenges despite growing healthcare needs. Income positively impacts access, while higher education shows an unexpected negative effect, suggesting reliance on alternative healthcare services. Employment status and good health improve access, while obesity and poor health are barriers.

Conclusion: To reduce healthcare inequalities, policies expanding insurance coverage and reducing costs for low-income groups are crucial. Interventions such as awareness programs targeting education and elderly individuals can help mitigate barriers. These findings highlight the role of socio-economic factors in healthcare access and inform the development of sustainable health policies.